Enhanced Molecular Fusion by Way of Laser Ultrasonic Excitation

Under one aspect, a structure is provided that includes a substrate including a first material having a threshold temperature above which the first material is damaged and a layer consisting essentially of a second material molecularly bonded to the first material of the substrate. The second material is formed on the substrate at a reaction temperature that is higher than the threshold temperature of the first material. An interface between the substrate and the second material is a substantially defect-free surface.